The Butler name is of Norman origin; it originally meant wine steward and comes from the same root as the modern French word for bottle, bouteille. The Butlers arrived with the Anglo-Norman invasion in the 12th century and in 1177 Theobald FitzWalter was made the Chief Butler of Ireland by King Henry II. Unlike many of the other Anglo-Norman names, it did not become gaelicised.

The most prominent Butler family in Ireland is descended from Theobald FitzWalter and Kilkenny Castle is the most magnificent example still extant of a Butler residence. From the 14th to the 20th centuries, the castle was the main seat of the Earls and Dukes of Ormonde, who played a prominent part in Irish history. Other castles with strong Butler links include Cahir Castle: the Butlers came into possession of this castle in 1375 and it was taken from them in 1599. The Butlers also had connections with Knappogue Castle in Co Clare and with Ormonde Castle in Carrick-on-Suir, Co Tipperary.

Charles Butler, the 31st chief Butler and 7th Marquess and Earl of Ossory lives in Illinois.